Skip to main content

DAOs for Indigenous Digital Nations

Introduction

Indigenous communities worldwide have long sought greater autonomy and self-determination over their governance, economic structures, and decision-making processes. While traditional governance models have been shaped by cultural values, kinship systems, and collective leadership, contemporary challenges—including state policies, globalization, and digital transformation—necessitate innovative approaches to sustaining Indigenous sovereignty. One emerging tool with potential relevance is the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)—a blockchain-based, self-governing entity that enables participatory decision-making, transparent governance, and decentralized resource management.

This research explores how DAOs can be leveraged to support Indigenous self-governance, economic autonomy, and nation-building efforts. The study synthesizes existing literature across five core themes:

  1. Indigenous Sovereignty and Nation Building – Examining how Indigenous governance models assert self-determination and how DAOs may align with or enhance these systems.
  2. Traditional and Current Forms of Organization – Comparing Indigenous organizational structures with DAO governance frameworks.
  3. Traditional and Current Forms of Economy – Investigating Indigenous economic models, including land-based economies and collective resource management, in relation to tokenized digital economies.
  4. DAOs as a New Form of Organization – Analyzing the structure, governance mechanisms, and implementation challenges of DAOs.
  5. Token Economics as a New Form of Economy – Exploring the role of digital assets and token-based economies in reinforcing Indigenous financial independence.

By integrating Indigenous governance principles with decentralized technologies, DAOs offer a promising but complex alternative to conventional organizational structures. This study seeks to critically assess whether DAOs can be meaningfully adapted to Indigenous needs and values, ensuring that digital governance does not replicate existing inequities but rather empowers communities in a culturally appropriate manner.

The following sections summarize key findings from academic literature, case studies, and policy analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intersection between DAOs and Indigenous organisation.

1. Indigenous Sovereignty and Nation Building

Papers​

Tino Rangatiratanga and Mana Motuhake in Aotearoa New Zealand​

Paora, Ropata & Tuiono, Teanau & Flavell, Te & Hawksley, Charles & Howson, Richard. (2011). Tino Rangatiratanga and Mana Motuhake: Nation, state and self-determination in Aotearoa New Zealand. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples. 7. 246-257.

https://doi.org/10.1177/117718011100700305

This article explores the concepts of tino rangatiratanga (Māori self-determination, often translated as absolute chiefly authority) and mana motuhake (Māori independence/autonomy) within the context of the historical and ongoing relationship between Māori and the New Zealand state. The authors utilise a Gramscian framework, focusing on the concept of hegemony, to analyse how the New Zealand state has sought to incorporate Māori within a unified national identity, and how Māori activism challenges this project. The article presents perspectives from three Māori activists – Ropata Paora, Teanau Tuiono, and Te Ururoa Flavell – gathered through interviews.

The article highlights the ongoing struggle of Māori for self-determination, showing that while there are great efforts by Māori to assert their autonomy there is still alot of opportunity for Tino Rangatiratanga to be recognised.

Adaptable Online Indigenous Nation-Building Method​

Gertz, Janine & Petray, Theresa & Compton, Anthea & Jorgensen, Miriam & Vivian, Alison. (2024). Gugu Badhun Sovereignty Sundays: An Adaptable Online Indigenous Nation-Building Method. 10.3316/informit.T2024080800004590612646662.

This paper details a case study of Indigenous Nation-Building (INB) methodology applied to the Gugu Badhun Aboriginal Nation in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study highlights the adaptation of face-to-face community engagement to an online webinar series called 'Sovereignty Sundays' due to pandemic restrictions. The paper argues that the INB methodology is flexible and adaptable and discusses the benefits and challenges of digital civic engagement for geographically dispersed Indigenous nations. It emphasizes the importance of Indigenous self-determination in defining civic engagement and leveraging digital tools for nation-building. The initiative has proven to be adaptable with use by the Gunditjmara in their own nation-building efforts.

The article highlights how technologies can contribute to greater civic participation and improved sense of identity and culture especially for disapora.

Beckman, L., Gover, K., & Mörkenstam, U. (2021). The popular sovereignty of Indigenous peoples: a challenge in multi-people states. Citizenship Studies, 26(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.2011142

This article challenges the conventional understanding of popular sovereignty in states with Indigenous populations. The authors argue that merely including Indigenous peoples as citizens in democratic institutions is insufficient for realizing their popular sovereignty. Instead, they advocate for recognizing Indigenous peoples' "constituent power" – their right to participate as distinct peoples in negotiating the constitutional order on equal terms with the majority population. The paper critiques existing models of democratic participation for Indigenous peoples and proposes a procedural account of popular sovereignty rooted in mutual recognition and negotiation. It argues that Indigenous sovereignty persists despite settler states' attempts to deny or limit it, and manifests in various forms of resistance and resurgence. The piece ultimately calls for constitutional arrangements that are co-authored by Indigenous peoples, ensuring they have a determinative role in shaping the state.

The article highlights the issues that even for states that have made attempts to recognise indigenous right and autonomy there is still a core issue that these attempts are framed with colonial laws and until indigenous peoples have the right to alter the founding constitution for nation states, their rights will also be undermined or at risk.

UN Special Rapporteur's Report: Indigenous Peoples' Rights to Autonomy and Self-Government​

United Nations General Assembly. (2019). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous peoples (A/74/149). Retrieved from https://undocs.org/en/A/74/149

This document briefs on the main themes and important ideas found in the provided excerpts regarding the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination, with a particular focus on autonomy and self-government. The Special Rapporteur's report aims to identify positive aspects of existing arrangements, address limitations and challenges, and provide recommendations for better implementation of these rights.

The article highlights that while there is international recognition for UNDRIP and the rights indigenous self governance and autonomy there has been little implementation and different interpretations of what the rights mean between countries.

Indigenous Sovereignty: A Reassessment in Light of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples​

Siegfried Wiessner, Indigenous Sovereignty: A Reassessment in Light of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 41 Vanderbilt Law Review 1141 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vjtl/vol41/iss4/4*

This article examines the concept of indigenous sovereignty in the context of the growing recognition of indigenous peoples as actors in international and domestic law. It traces the historical marginalisation of indigenous populations, reviews the traditional Western concept of sovereignty, and analyses the impact of self-determination, terra nullius, and uti possidetis. A key focus is the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and its potential to redefine the legal scope and limits of indigenous sovereignty. The author argues for a functional redefinition rooted in the "authentic aspirations" and "inner worlds" of indigenous peoples, emphasising cultural preservation, land rights, self-governance, and the principle of free, prior, and informed consent.

Indigenous Nation Building and the Political Determinants of Health and Wellbeing: Discussion Paper​

Rigney, D., Bignall, S., Vivian, A., & Hemming, S. (2022). Indigenous nation building and the political determinants of health and wellbeing – Discussion paper. Lowitja Institute. https://doi.org/10.48455/9ace-aw24

This discussion paper explores the critical link between Indigenous nation building and the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia. It argues that Indigenous nation building, defined as a process of empowerment and self-governance, is a key determinant of health because it enables communities to exercise control and reclaim jurisdiction over issues of importance to them. The paper advocates for the pursuit of Indigenous nation building alongside actions toward the implementation of the Uluru Statement from the Heart's calls for Voice, Treaty and Truth. By strengthening the political structure of Indigenous collectives, the authors contend, communities can create conditions for self-determination, address social, cultural, and political determinants of health, and ultimately achieve healthier futures.

The article also highlights a process for indigenous nation building developed by Native Nations Institute and other indigenous nations globally.

5 Nations - Self-determination and a new era of Indigenous governance​

Australian Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). 5 Nations - Self-determination and a new era of Indigenous governance. Retrieved from https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/5-nations-self-determination-and-new-era-indigenous-governance

This document reviews key themes and arguments from the Australian Human Rights Commission's report focusing on the importance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nations in achieving self-determination. The report emphasizes the need for stronger relationships between Indigenous peoples, the broader Australian community, and the government. It advocates for a "Nation building" approach, where Indigenous Nations have control over decision-making and resources. The report highlights successful examples of Nation building, such as the Ngarrindjeri Nation and the Gunditjmara People. Finally, it discusses the development of the Assembly of First Nations as a unifying voice for advocacy and dispute resolution, urging the Australian government to engage more effectively with these Nations.

Indigenous Peoples’ Good Governance, Human Rights and Self-Determination in the Second Decade of the New Millennium – A Māori Perspective​

Robert Joseph. (2014). Indigenous Peoples’ Good Governance, Human Rights and Self-Determination in the Second Decade of the New Millennium – A Māori Perspective 2014 https://maorilawreview.co.nz/2014/12/indigenous-peoples-good-governance-human-rights-and-self-determination-in-the-second-decade-of-the-new-millennium-a-maori-perspective/

This Māori Law Review article by Dr Robert Joseph explores the relationship between good governance, human rights, and self-determination for Indigenous peoples, particularly focusing on Articles 3-6 and 46 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Framed from a Māori perspective in Aotearoa New Zealand, it discusses the contested concept of self-determination, contrasting it as both an end and a means to achieving beneficial outcomes. The author examines the principles of good governance and their application to Indigenous contexts, noting the importance of cultural adaptation and the reconciliation of traditional, transactional, and transformational governance for Māori. Finally, it compares the self-determination of Māori with that of other Indigenous peoples globally, highlighting the varying degrees of legal and practical autonomy.

2. Traditional and current forms of organisation

Papers​

Tribes, Institutions, Markets, Networks: A Framework About Societal Evolution​

Ronfeldt, David, Tribes, Institutions, Markets, Networks: A Framework About Societal Evolution. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1996. https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P7967.html. Also available in print form.

This paper proposes a framework for understanding societal evolution based on four fundamental forms of organisation: tribes, hierarchical institutions, competitive markets, and collaborative networks. The author argues that societies progress by sequentially integrating these forms, with each addressing specific societal challenges. The paper explores the rise and characteristics of each form, highlighting their inherent contradictions and synergies. It further examines the dynamics of societal transitions, focusing on the emerging dominance of networks, particularly within civil] society, and their implications for future political systems and international relations. Finally, the paper suggests that a balanced combination of all four forms is crucial for optimal societal development and future stability.

Wise Up: Organizational Wisdom Through An Ethic of Māori Kaitiakitanga​

Spiller, Chellie & Pio, Edwina & Erakovic, Ljiljana & Henare, Manuka. (2011). Wise Up: Creating Organizational Wisdom Through an Ethic of Kaitiakitanga. Journal of Business Ethics - J BUS ETHICS. 104. 1-13. 10.1007/s10551-011-0905-y.

This paper explores how organisations can cultivate wisdom by adopting the Indigenous Māori ethic of kaitiakitanga, or stewardship. It suggests that businesses should aim to create well-being for all stakeholders, not just maximise profit. By drawing on Māori values such as aroha (compassion) and manaaki (respect), businesses can foster reciprocal relationships and a sense of interconnectedness. The article contrasts this approach with Western philosophies that prioritise individual self-interest. It presents examples of both wise and unwise organisations, highlighting the importance of stewardship values for long-term sustainability and ethical behaviour. Ultimately, the authors advocate for a shift towards a more holistic and relational approach to business, where humans act as stewards of both the environment and their communities. This framework offers a pathway for organisations to intertwine profit with principle, creating a more responsible and sustainable world.

Discursive Strategies of the Maori Tribal Elite​

Rata, Elizabeth. (2011). Discursive Strategies of the Maori Tribal Elite. Critique of Anthropology - CRIT ANTHR. 31. 359-380. 10.1177/0308275X11420116.

Elizabeth Rata's article scrutinises the strategies used by the Maori tribal elite in New Zealand to advance their political and economic goals. It argues that this elite has successfully employed discursive strategies, including framing indigeneity in specific ways, to gain control over resources and promote a Treaty of Waitangi "partnership" that benefits them. The author identifies contradictions within this discourse, particularly the elite's position as a capitalist class and growing inequalities within the Maori community. Rata explores how historical interpretations and linguistic choices contribute to this power dynamic. The article concludes by suggesting that this elite's ambitions pose a threat to democracy, as their focus on tribal identity clashes with universal citizenship principles. The author contends that the tribal elite are manipulating language, and leveraging a romanticised view of history to capture resources for their personal gain. The author argues the political achievements may be fleeting as the tribal elite are complicit in a system that incarcerates poor people in a system that perpetuates a cycle of inequality.

A Māori approach to management: Contrasting traditional and modern Māori management practices in Aotearoa New Zealand​

Mika, Jason & O'Sullivan, John. (2012). A Māori approach to management: Contrasting traditional and modern Māori management practices in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Management & Organization. 20.

Mika and O'Sullivan's paper explores the concept of Māori management within Aotearoa New Zealand, contrasting it with Western management practices. The authors seek to define Māori management, emphasizing its relevance to contemporary organisations. Their work examines the similarities and differences between Western and Māori management by applying Fayol's functions of management. The paper proposes a theoretical model of Māori management called "Te Whakahaerenga Māori," considering whakapapa (genealogy) and āronga Māori (a Māori world view) as core elements. They discuss the implications of Māori management for future research, policy, and practice, aiming to renew interest in this field. Ultimately, the paper suggests that Māori management is not a singular approach, but rather varies depending on organisational settings and values. The authors make a case for the importance of Māori management talent within both Māori and non-Māori organisations.

Managing and Leading from a Maori Perspective: Bringing New Life and Energy to Organisations​

Spiller, Chellie & Stockdale, Monica. (2013). Managing and Leading from a Maori Perspective: Bringing New Life and Energy to Organisations. 10.1007/978-1-4614-5233-1_11.

Chellie Spiller and Monica Stockdale's chapter explores indigenous Māori perspectives on managing and leading organisations. They argue that attending to the "life-energy" of an organisation is crucial for creating thriving workplaces. Drawing on Māori concepts like whakapapa, wairua, mana, mauri, and hau, the authors offer touchstones for managers to revitalize relationships and support sustainable business practices. Their central premise is that organisations cultivating healthy life-energies offer added relational value for all stakeholders. Ultimately, the authors encourage managers and leaders to create conditions where individuals can tap into their well-being, contributing more fully to the organisation's success while honouring cultural and spiritual values. The work offers a pathway to humanistic, life-cherishing enterprises through a Māori lens.

3. Traditional and current forms of economy

Papers​

Indigenous history, culture and values as investment philosophy: lessons from the New Zealand Māori​

Ella Henry & Andre Poyser (2024) Indigenous history, culture and values as investment philosophy: lessons from the New Zealand Māori, Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 14:2, 449-461, DOI: 10.1080/20430795.2022.2040944

The provided journal article examines how Māori history, culture and values influence the investment strategies of Māori Asset Holding Institutions (MAHI) in New Zealand. These institutions manage tribal assets gained through Treaty of Waitangi settlements, aiming for sustainable growth of financial and natural resources. The article contrasts Indigenous investment frameworks with traditional Western approaches, highlighting the integration of cultural practices and knowledge into investment decisions. It explores how concepts like utu (reciprocity) and mana (spiritual authority) shape economic activities. The paper discusses the challenges and tensions MAHI face in balancing cultural values with corporate objectives, advocating for greater integration of Māori principles in investment practices and calling for further research into the performance and impact of Māori investments.

The Economy of Mana​

Dell, Kiri Mamai and Staniland, Nimbus Awhina and Nicholson, Amber, Economy of Mana: Where to Next? (2018). MAI Journal A New Zealand Journal of Indigenous Scholarship, 7(1). doi:10.20507/maijournal.2018.7.1.5, The University of Auckland Business School Research Paper Series, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3988653

This document explores the concept of an "economy of mana" within the context of traditional and contemporary Mäori economic systems. It begins by outlining traditional Mäori economic principles, emphasising the significance of mana, relational exchanges, and values. The text then examines the modern Mäori economy, acknowledging its growing asset base while also addressing criticisms related to productivity and cultural distinctiveness. It proposes that a deeper understanding and application of mana-enhancing principles could shape future Māori economic aspirations and frameworks. The document argues for a visioning of alternative Māori economic futures grounded in authentic values and a decolonised mindset. This vision involves reimagining economic systems that prioritise collective well-being and cultural preservation over conventional capitalist models. Finally, it suggests further exploration of existing Māori-centric institutions to gain insights into alternative economic pathways.

Tūhoe economic Worldview: Mapping to an orthodox framework Report​

Shamubeel Eaqub (Partner), with research assistance from Rosie Collins (Economist), at Sense Partners. Final Report to MBIE 23 August 2022

This report explores the Tūhoe economic worldview and maps it against orthodox economic frameworks. It highlights similarities and differences in approaches to economic success and development between Tūhoe Tikanga and frameworks like the Living Standards Framework. Key distinctions arise in prioritising collective success, considering intergenerational impacts, integrating spirituality, and the handling of trade-offs. The report also examines Canadian indigenous economic development, identifying lessons for New Zealand, especially regarding data collection and consistent monitoring. It ultimately aims to foster a deeper understanding and bridge the gap between Tūhoe and orthodox perspectives on economic development, advocating for approaches that respect Tūhoe values and promote transformative change.

A culturally derived framework of values-driven transformation in Māori economies of well-being (Ngā hono ōhanga oranga)​

Wolfgramm, R., Spiller, C., Henry, E., & Pouwhare, R. (2020). A culturally derived framework of values-driven transformation in Māori economies of well-being (Ngā hono ōhanga oranga). AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 16(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119885663

This paper explores the concept of well-being within the context of Māori economies, introducing a culturally derived framework called Ngā hono ōhanga oranga. The framework emphasises interconnectedness, economic ecosystems, and values-driven transformation. It addresses the need for alternative ways of measuring economic success for Māori, moving beyond purely macroeconomic indicators. It highlights the importance of relational dimensions rooted in Māori ontology and knowledge. The study draws attention to values such as whakapapa and manaaki, advocating for their incorporation into business strategies. The overall aim is to support the advancement and implementation of well-being economies through this culturally relevant approach, informing leadership and decision-making.

The role of culture and identity for economic values: a quantitative study of Māori attitudes​

Carla A. Houkamau & Chris G. Sibley (2019) The role of culture and identity for economic values: a quantitative study of Māori attitudes, Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 49:sup1, 118-136, DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1650782

Houkamau and Sibley's paper explores the connection between Māori identity, cultural values, and economic attitudes using data from Te Rangahau o Te Tuakiri Māori me Ngā Waiaro ā-Pūtea: The Māori Identity and Financial Attitudes Study (MIFAS). The study examines how different dimensions of Māori identity, measured by the Multidimensional Model of Māori Identity and Cultural Engagement (MMM-ICE), relate to attitudes towards risking tribal assets, individualism at work, and preferences for workplaces that promote Māori culture. The research reveals that stronger connections to traditional Māori beliefs are linked to a decreased inclination towards individualism and a greater preference for workplaces that respect Māori values. Furthermore, the research highlights the diversity within the Māori population, suggesting that "Māori success as Māori" does not solely depend on traditional values. This indicates a complex interplay between cultural identity and economic decision-making among Māori. It also reinforces the importance of recognising heterogeneity within Māori society when considering Māori aspirations relating to economic prosperity.

Manahau: Toward an Indigenous Māori theory of value​

Mika, J.P., Dell, K., Newth, J. et al. Manahau: Toward an Indigenous Māori theory of value. Philosophy of Management 21, 441–463 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-022-00195-3

This paper explores the concept of value from an Indigenous Māori perspective, seeking to develop a theory applicable to entrepreneurship that promotes sustainability and wellbeing. It critiques Western theories of value as individualistic and materialistic. The authors propose "manahau," a combination of mana (power, authority, and dignity) and hau (vitality), as a Māori theory of value. They argue manahau is an axiological agent employed by Māori entrepreneurs to synergistically navigate cultural and commercial imperatives to achieve multidimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance. The paper illustrates the theory with examples from Māori entrepreneurship, especially the cultural ethics of utu (reciprocity) and tauutuutu (reciprocity and balance) in agribusiness.

Maori Sustainable Economic Development in New Zealand: Indigenous Practices for the Quadruple Bottom Line.​

Scrimgeour, Frank & Iremonger, Catherine. (2011). Maori Sustainable Economic Development in New Zealand: Indigenous Practices for the Quadruple Bottom Line.

This academic article examines the historical stifling of Māori sustainable economic development in Aotearoa (New Zealand) due to colonisation and the banning of traditional practices. It proposes a path forward by integrating cultural development training and traditional pedagogies to achieve a "Quadruple Bottom Line" encompassing social, cultural, environmental, and economic improvements. The paper discusses the Māori economy, issues of assimilation and alienation, and the importance of a values framework rooted in Māori ontology. It also presents case studies of Māori initiatives and explores challenges related to resource management, governance structures shaped by government legislation, and the need for culturally appropriate sustainability models and tools, including the Māori Sustainable Development Computer Model. Ultimately, the source advocates for Māori self-determination in defining and achieving sustainable economic development based on their unique values and knowledge.

4. DAOs as a new form of organisation

The rise of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): a first empirical glimpse​

Bellavitis, Cristiano & Fisch, Christian & Momtaz, Paul. (2022). The rise of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): a first empirical glimpse. Venture Capital. 25. 1-17. 10.1080/13691066.2022.2116797.

This research article examines the emerging phenomenon of Decentralised Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). It explores the fundamental characteristics of DAOs, highlighting their potential to revolutionize traditional organizational structures through blockchain technology. The authors assess the advantages of DAOs, such as decentralized governance and disintermediation, alongside challenges such as coordination costs and regulatory uncertainty. Empirical data on DAO activity, market capitalization, and governance mechanisms provides an initial glimpse into their prevalence and functioning. The study concludes by discussing potential avenues for future research, such as the impact of voting mechanisms and the comparison of DAOs with traditional organisations. Ultimately, the work contributes to understanding DAOs and their transformative potential in the corporate landscape.

DAO Activation: Core Team - Presentation​

This document analyses excerpts from a strategy document focused on activating a Decentralised Autonomous Organisation (DAO). The document outlines a vision for DAOs as a new form of human organisation suited to the information age, contrasting them with traditional corporate structures. It details a phased approach to DAO activation, emphasising the importance of community building, interconnectedness with other DAOs, and a focus on value generation, impact, and continuous evolution. The document uses a "DAO OS Canvas" as a framework for strategic thinking across key areas.

Understanding decentralized autonomous organizations​

from the inside

Augustin, Nils & Eckhardt, Andreas & Jong, Alexander. (2023). Understanding decentralized autonomous organizations from the inside. Electronic Markets. 33. 10.1007/s12525-023-00659y.

This research paper examines Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) from the perspective of their members to clarify the concept and contextual features. It uses a two-stage approach, combining netnography and structural topic modelling, to analyse discussions on Reddit. The study identifies core elements of DAOs, governance structures, community beliefs, use cases (such as DeFi and collective ownership), and open issues (including scams and regulatory uncertainty). By exploring members' viewpoints, the research enhances the understanding of DAOs and differentiates them from related concepts like open-source software (OSS). Ultimately, the research seeks to provide a basis for future theorising and development of the DAO concept in both academic and practical settings. The analysis reveals that DAOs have some similarities with OSS communities but face distinct challenges.

Governance impacts of blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organizations: an empirical analysis​

Olivier Rikken, Marijn Janssen & Zenlin Kwee (2023) Governance impacts of blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organizations: an empirical analysis, Policy Design and Practice, 6:4, 465-487, DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2023.2270220

This paper investigates the influence of governance elements on the long-term viability of blockchain-based Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). By analysing 220 on-chain governed DAOs, the study reveals that DAOs without weighted decision-making or incentive structures demonstrate greater long-term viability. Voting power distribution also significantly impacts DAO viability. These findings challenge the assumption that financial incentives and share-like governance mechanisms are inherently beneficial for DAOs and offer insights for policymakers in designing more robust DAOs. The study also proposes a preliminary theory linking governance elements to DAO viability, highlighting the need to consider DAO objectives, deployment infrastructure, and user types in future research.

A Survey on Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Their Governance​

Ding, Qinxu and Liebau, Daniel and Liebau, Daniel and Wang, Zhiguo and Xu, Weibiao, A Survey on Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Their Governance (March 6, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378966 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378966

This paper provides a systematic review of DAOs, covering their characteristics, categorisation, applications, and governance mechanisms. It focuses particularly on DAO governance, including voting schemes and dispute resolution. The authors aim to provide a useful resource for both academic researchers and industry practitioners interested in this emerging field.

Blockchain and Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): The Evolution of Companies?​

Sims, Alexandra, Blockchain and Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): The Evolution of Companies? (November 1, 2019). (2019) 28 New Zealand Universities Law Review 423-458, The University of Auckland Business School Research Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3524674 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524674

This document provides a detailed overview of the main themes, arguments, and supporting evidence presented in Alexandra Sims' paper on DAOs. The paper argues that DAOs represent a significant evolution in organisational structure, potentially reshaping how companies are governed, managed, and operated. The core argument is that DAOs leverage blockchain technology and smart contracts to reduce transaction costs, enforce rules automatically, and offer novel features like airdrops and easy exit mechanisms. The paper suggests that the law needs to adapt to accommodate DAOs, potentially by granting them legal personality and offering limited liability to token holders.

4. Token economics as a new form of economy

Tokenomics and DAO's: Why we need a token in 2023?​

This document examines the role of tokenomics in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and other web3 projects. It addresses when tokens are beneficial, their function beyond mere fundraising, the importance of aligning incentives and governance, and provides a practical framework (the Tokenomics Design Canvas) for designing sustainable and valuable token economies. The document emphasizes that well-designed tokenomics should create "Win-Win-Win" scenarios, benefiting the product, contributors, and token holders. It highlights the need for careful consideration of a token's utility, governance mechanisms, and potential legal implications.

The Network State​

Srinivasan, B. (2022). The Network State: How to Start a New Country. Retrieved from https://thenetworkstate.com/

This document provides a high-level overview of the key concepts presented in "The Network State." The central thesis revolves around the idea that the nation-state is evolving into a new form: the "Network State." This new entity leverages digital networks, particularly blockchain and cryptocurrency, to create communities with shared values and the potential to achieve diplomatic recognition and even sovereignty. The document explores historical context, the interplay of technology and politics, and the potential for decentralisation and recentralisation in this new world order. The core concept of "one commandment" to build parallel societies is crucial, too. It suggests a parallel society can be built around one core principle, and that these principles can provide the basis for a new society.

Conclusion​

This research highlights the potential of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) as a tool for Indigenous governance and economic autonomy while also recognizing the complexities involved in their adoption. The study explored five key themes: Indigenous sovereignty and nation-building, traditional and current forms of organization, traditional and current forms of economy, DAOs as a new form of organization, and token economics as a new form of economy. Across these themes, a common insight emerged—while DAOs provide a new mechanism for governance and decision-making, their implementation must be carefully aligned with Indigenous values, structures, and aspirations.

Indigenous governance has long been rooted in collective decision-making, reciprocity, and relational accountability, principles that resonate with DAO structures. However, existing Indigenous governance models emphasize kinship, land-based authority, and customary law—elements that blockchain technology does not inherently support. Similarly, Indigenous economic systems, including the economy of mana, values-driven investment strategies, and collective asset management, present opportunities for alternative financial models within tokenized economies. However, the challenges of DAO governance, sustainability, regulatory constraints, and digital accessibility must be addressed to ensure these models serve Indigenous communities rather than create new dependencies. While DAOs could empower Indigenous nations with decentralized governance and financial autonomy, their successful implementation requires cultural adaptation, capacity-building, and ongoing collaboration between Indigenous leaders and technologists.

Ultimately, this research underscores the importance of Indigenous-led design in DAO development, ensuring that these digital governance tools enhance, rather than disrupt, traditional structures. Future research and pilot initiatives should focus on co-creating DAOs with Indigenous communities, incorporating Indigenous legal frameworks, ensuring equitable participation, and integrating cultural protocols into smart contract governance. By doing so, DAOs could become a meaningful pathway toward Indigenous self-determination in the digital age, blending ancestral governance wisdom with emerging technological innovations.

References

1. Indigenous Sovereignty and Nation Building​

2. Traditional and Current Forms of Organization​

  • Ronfeldt, D. (1996). Tribes, Institutions, Markets, Networks: A Framework About Societal Evolution. RAND Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P7967.html
  • Spiller, C., Pio, E., Erakovic, L., & Henare, M. (2011). Wise Up: Creating Organizational Wisdom Through an Ethic of Kaitiakitanga. Journal of Business Ethics, 104, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0905-y
  • Rata, E. (2011). Discursive Strategies of the Māori Tribal Elite. Critique of Anthropology, 31, 359-380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X11420116
  • Mika, J., & O’Sullivan, J. (2012). A Māori approach to management: Contrasting traditional and modern Māori management practices in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Management & Organization, 20.
  • Spiller, C., & Stockdale, M. (2013). Managing and Leading from a Māori Perspective: Bringing New Life and Energy to Organisations. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5233-1_11

3. Traditional and Current Forms of Economy​

  • Henry, E., & Poyser, A. (2024). Indigenous history, culture and values as investment philosophy: Lessons from the New Zealand Māori. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 14(2), 449-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/20430795.2022.2040944
  • Dell, K. M., Staniland, N. A., & Nicholson, A. (2018). Economy of Mana: Where to Next? MAI Journal: A New Zealand Journal of Indigenous Scholarship, 7(1). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3988653
  • Eaqub, S., & Collins, R. (2022). Tūhoe economic worldview: Mapping to an orthodox framework report. Final Report to MBIE, 23 August 2022.
  • Wolfgramm, R., Spiller, C., Henry, E., & Pouwhare, R. (2020). A culturally derived framework of values-driven transformation in Māori economies of well-being (Ngā hono ōhanga oranga). AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 16(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119885663
  • Houkamau, C. A., & Sibley, C. G. (2019). The role of culture and identity for economic values: A quantitative study of Māori attitudes. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 49(sup1), 118-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.2019.1650782
  • Mika, J. P., Dell, K., Newth, J., & et al. (2022). Manahau: Toward an Indigenous Māori theory of value. Philosophy of Management, 21, 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-022-00195-3

4. DAOs as a New Form of Organization​

  • Bellavitis, C., Fisch, C., & Momtaz, P. (2022). The rise of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs): A first empirical glimpse. Venture Capital, 25, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691066.2022.2116797
  • Augustin, N., Eckhardt, A., & Jong, A. (2023). Understanding decentralized autonomous organizations from the inside. Electronic Markets, 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-023-00659y
  • Rikken, O., Janssen, M., & Kwee, Z. (2023). Governance impacts of blockchain-based decentralized autonomous organizations: An empirical analysis. Policy Design and Practice, 6(4), 465-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2023.2270220
  • Ding, Q., Liebau, D., Wang, Z., & Xu, W. (2023). A Survey on Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Their Governance. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4378966
  • Sims, A. (2019). Blockchain and Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs): The Evolution of Companies? New Zealand Universities Law Review, 28, 423-458. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3524674

5. Token Economics as a New Form of Economy​

  • Tokenomics and DAOs: Why We Need a Token in 2023.
  • Srinivasan, B. (2022). The Network State: How to Start a New Country. Retrieved from https://thenetworkstate.com/